# Incoterms 2020 Reference Table for Buyers > Source: https://netray.co/tools/incoterms-2020-buyer-responsibility-reference > Publisher: Netray (netray.co), AI and integration engineering for ERP and manufacturing systems. > Section: Free Tools ## Short answer A searchable table of all 11 Incoterms 2020 rules plus the retired terms, showing where risk passes and who clears customs, pays carriage and insures. ## Category supply-chain ## Audience - Buyer - Procurement manager - Logistics planner ## Tool **Kind:** worksheet **Mode:** reference **Columns:** #### Term **Key:** code **Type:** text #### Full name **Key:** name **Type:** text #### Transport mode **Key:** mode **Type:** text #### Risk passes to buyer **Key:** risk **Type:** text #### Export clearance **Key:** export **Type:** text #### Main carriage paid by **Key:** carriage **Type:** text #### Insurance duty **Key:** insurance **Type:** text #### Import clearance and duty **Key:** import **Type:** text **Rows:** #### Ex Works **Code:** EXW **Mode:** Any mode **Risk:** When goods are placed at the buyer's disposal at the seller's premises **Export:** Buyer **Carriage:** Buyer **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Free Carrier **Code:** FCA **Mode:** Any mode **Risk:** When goods are handed to the buyer's carrier at the named place **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Buyer **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Carriage Paid To **Code:** CPT **Mode:** Any mode **Risk:** When goods are handed to the first carrier **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller (to named destination) **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Carriage and Insurance Paid To **Code:** CIP **Mode:** Any mode **Risk:** When goods are handed to the first carrier **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller (to named destination) **Insurance:** Seller, Institute Cargo Clauses (A) minimum **Import:** Buyer #### Delivered at Place **Code:** DAP **Mode:** Any mode **Risk:** When goods are ready for unloading at the named destination **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Delivered at Place Unloaded **Code:** DPU **Mode:** Any mode **Risk:** When goods are unloaded at the named destination **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Delivered Duty Paid **Code:** DDP **Mode:** Any mode **Risk:** When goods are ready for unloading at the named destination **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Seller #### Free Alongside Ship **Code:** FAS **Mode:** Sea and inland waterway **Risk:** When goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Buyer **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Free On Board **Code:** FOB **Mode:** Sea and inland waterway **Risk:** When goods are on board the vessel at the named port **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Buyer **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Cost and Freight **Code:** CFR **Mode:** Sea and inland waterway **Risk:** When goods are on board the vessel at the port of shipment **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller (to destination port) **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Cost, Insurance and Freight **Code:** CIF **Mode:** Sea and inland waterway **Risk:** When goods are on board the vessel at the port of shipment **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller (to destination port) **Insurance:** Seller, Institute Cargo Clauses (C) minimum **Import:** Buyer #### Delivered at Terminal (Incoterms 2010) **Code:** DAT **Mode:** Any mode **Risk:** Retired: replaced by DPU in 2020 **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Delivered Duty Unpaid (pre-2010) **Code:** DDU **Mode:** Any mode **Risk:** Retired: replaced by DAP in 2010 **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Delivered at Frontier (pre-2010) **Code:** DAF **Mode:** Any mode **Risk:** Retired: replaced by DAP in 2010 **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Delivered Ex Ship (pre-2010) **Code:** DES **Mode:** Sea **Risk:** Retired: replaced by DAP in 2010 **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer #### Delivered Ex Quay (pre-2010) **Code:** DEQ **Mode:** Sea **Risk:** Retired: replaced by DAT in 2010 **Export:** Seller **Carriage:** Seller **Insurance:** None required **Import:** Buyer **Notes:** Incoterms govern delivery, risk and cost allocation between buyer and seller, not title, payment terms or governing law. Always state the rule with the named place and the edition, for example FCA Shenzhen Incoterms 2020. Retired terms are shown only because old contracts still quote them. ## Content **Intro:** Incoterms 2020 are eleven three-letter trade rules published by the International Chamber of Commerce. This table shows, for each rule, where risk passes to you, who clears export and import, who pays the main carriage and who must insure. **Sections:** #### How to use the table **Body:** Search by term or by what you want to know, such as insurance or import. Pick the row that matches the rule on your purchase order, then read left to right: transport mode, the point where risk passes to you, and which side clears customs. The important habit is to always pair the term with a named place on the PO, because FOB Shanghai and FOB Los Angeles are very different obligations. Compare two rows side by side before you accept a supplier's quote on a different basis. **Bullets:** - Check that the rule fits the transport mode (FOB, CFR and CIF are for sea and inland waterway only) - Write the rule, named place and edition on the PO - Compare quotes on the same rule before ranking suppliers - Decide who books the freight forwarder and who files the export declaration #### What the rules do and do not cover **Body:** Incoterms allocate three things: the point where risk of loss passes, who arranges and pays carriage and insurance, and who handles export and import formalities. They do not transfer ownership, set payment terms, define remedies for breach or choose the governing law. Those belong in the purchase agreement. A common buying mistake is assuming that CIF means the supplier carries risk to your dock. Under CIF, risk passes when goods are on board at the origin port even though the seller pays freight to the destination port. #### Choosing a rule as a buyer **Body:** EXW gives you control and the most work, which suits buyers with their own forwarder in the supplier's country. FCA is usually the better modern choice because the seller clears export. DAP and DPU give predictability on delivered cost but the buyer still clears import. DDP puts import duty on the seller, which can create tax registration problems in the destination country, so confirm who is importer of record before agreeing it. For containerised cargo, ICC guidance favours FCA, CPT and CIP over the port-based terms. **Cta:** If landed cost, freight terms and duty are scattered across spreadsheets, Netray can connect them to your ERP purchasing data so each PO shows the real delivered cost basis. **Faq:** #### What is the difference between FOB and FCA? **Answer:** FOB applies only to sea and inland waterway transport and passes risk when goods are on board the vessel. FCA works for any mode and passes risk when goods are handed to the buyer's carrier at the named place. FCA is generally preferred for containers because the handover happens at a terminal, not on a ship. #### Does the seller or buyer insure under CIF? **Answer:** The seller must obtain insurance under CIF, at a minimum of Institute Cargo Clauses (C), covering the contract price plus ten percent, for the buyer's benefit. Under CIP the minimum rose to Clauses (A) in Incoterms 2020. Buyers often ask for higher cover in the PO. #### Which Incoterm is best for a buyer? **Answer:** There is no single best rule. FCA is common when you control the main freight, DAP when you want a delivered price without handling import duty. DDP removes work but can hide cost and tax risk. Choose by where you want to control logistics and compare quotes on a like for like basis. #### Are Incoterms law? **Answer:** No. They are contractual rules that apply only when both parties incorporate them into the contract, usually by naming the term, place and edition. National law and the rest of the agreement still govern title, payment and remedies. Always specify Incoterms 2020 to avoid ambiguity with older editions. ## Search terms incoterms 2020 table, incoterms 2020 chart, who pays freight FOB vs CIF, incoterms risk transfer, incoterms for buyers, FCA vs FOB, DAP vs DDP, incoterms excel --- Talk to an engineer: https://netray.co/contact?intent=erp_ai | Machine catalog: https://netray.co/agent/catalog.json