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ISO 22400 Manufacturing KPI Reference

ISO 22400 sets out a vocabulary of KPIs for manufacturing operations management. This table lists the commonly used ones by theme, so you can decide which to track before you configure an MES or a dashboard.

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KPI	Theme	Question it answers	Typical data source
Availability	Time	How much of the planned busy time was the unit actually available?	Machine state log
Effectiveness	Speed	How close was the actual production rate to the planned rate?	Counts and cycle data
Quality ratio	Quality	What share of output was good?	Inspection and scrap reporting
Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE)	Combined	How well was the equipment used against plan?	Combination of the three above
Net equipment effectiveness ratio	Combined	How effective was the equipment during its actual running time?	Machine log and counts
Utilization efficiency	Time	How much of the available time was used?	Machine state log
Allocation ratio	Time	How much time was allocated to production orders?	Order and machine log
Allocation efficiency	Time	How well was the allocated time used?	Order and machine log
Setup rate	Time	How much time went to setup?	Setup records
Throughput rate	Speed	How many units are produced per unit of time?	Production counts
Production process ratio	Flow	How much of the order lead time added value?	Order tracking
Actual to planned scrap ratio	Quality	How does scrap compare with what was planned?	Scrap reports and routing data
First pass yield	Quality	What share passed without rework?	Inspection results
Rework ratio	Quality	What share needed rework?	Rework orders
Fall off rate	Quality	How many units are lost during processing?	Counts at stages
Worker efficiency	Labour	How well was worker time used against plan?	Labour reporting
Corrective maintenance ratio	Maintenance	How much maintenance effort was corrective rather than planned?	Maintenance work orders
Mean time to failure	Maintenance	How long does the unit run before failing?	Failure records
Mean operating time between failures	Maintenance	How long between failures while operating?	Failure and run records
Mean time to repair	Maintenance	How long does a repair take?	Work order durations
Inventory turns	Inventory	How often does stock turn over?	Inventory and consumption records
Order completeness	Delivery	How complete were the orders delivered?	Order fulfilment records
On time delivery	Delivery	How many orders were delivered on time?	Shipping and due date data
Energy per unit produced	Energy	How much energy goes into each unit?	Energy meters and counts

This is a plain language guide, not the standard text. Formulas, element definitions and time model names are in ISO 22400 itself, which you should obtain from your standards body.

Map your KPIs to ERP and MES data

Optional review of where each KPI you chose would come from in your systems.

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How to use the reference

Filter by theme such as time, quality or maintenance, and pick the few KPIs that match the decisions your plant actually makes. For each KPI, the data source column tells you which system must hold the underlying events. Export the shortlist to Excel as the starting scope for an MES KPI workshop.

Pick five to ten KPIs, not all
Name an owner for each
Confirm each has a reliable data source

What the standard gives you

The value of a standard here is shared vocabulary. When a vendor, a consultant and your plant team all say availability or effectiveness, they mean the same thing and use the same time model. That reduces arguments over definitions and makes benchmarking between sites more honest.

Reading the list

Time based KPIs show where hours disappear. Quality KPIs show where good output is lost. Maintenance KPIs explain why equipment is unavailable. Delivery KPIs connect the shop floor to the customer. Most plants start with OEE and its three components and add delivery and maintenance measures as data improves.

Common mistakes

Teams adopt every KPI at once and then trust none of them. Others copy the name but not the definition, so numbers differ by site. Choose a small set, write each definition down and check it against the standard text.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is ISO 22400 mandatory?

No. It is a voluntary standard that defines KPIs for manufacturing operations management. Many MES vendors align to it, and customers sometimes reference it in requirements, but no law requires it for most plants.

Does this table replace the standard?

No. It is a plain language orientation. The formulas, time elements and exact names are in the standard itself, so use this table to choose, and the standard to implement.

Which KPIs should a small plant start with?

Availability, effectiveness, quality ratio and OEE are the usual start, along with on time delivery. Add scrap, setup and maintenance KPIs once the basic data collection is dependable.

How does this relate to my ERP?

ERPs hold orders, routings and completed quantities. Machine states and downtime usually come from an MES or from line sensors. The KPI needs both, so plan the data link before you plan the dashboard.

If you want these KPIs computed from live ERP and shop floor data, we can scope which records you need and where they live today.

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